Quantum computers using quantum processors use basic particles such as neutrons, electrons and / or atoms instead of circuits connected with transistors like older processors. The two properties of "madness and magic" these particles contain include the following:
• First, it is somehow continuously "connected" to other particles stuck with it after a certain interaction. For example, when one spin of a particle is measured in the "up" position, another particle, even if it was very far away, could be instantly present (e.g. faster than the speed of light) in the opposite position "down". Larger clusters of trapped particles (if they were present in the brain) can behave "in an orderly fashion" or in an orderly manner over long distances.
• Second, they are present in the higher part of the world before any measure. For example, an electron can have two different levels of energy or rotate up and down at the same time. When measured, however, they will be at a certain level of strength or spin direction - we say "fallen" in a certain position. When using older processors, assign a specific "1" or "0". In a quantum processor, we can assign "1" to the depth mode and then "0" to the spinning mode, say, the electron. However, until we measure the state, it will be "1" and "0" at the same time - as the spinning money is not "heads" or "tails" when spinning. Therefore, one quantum bit or "qubit" can represent "1" NO "0" simultaneously, unlike the "bit" of the old processor which can only represent "1" OR "0" at a time certain. The bit is binary and is like a point but qubit is “like space” and “meaningless”; this allows for more details to be processed in a consistent manner, benefiting from good teaching materials. "Bit" represents 1 or 0 at a given time, while "qubit" can represent both at the same time. 1
Various physical features of the basic particles can be assigned to "1s" and "0s". For example, we can use rotating or rotating circuits of the atomic nucleus, different levels of electron energy in an atom, or even the direction of the plane of the separation of light particles or photons.
Quantum Computing uses Phosphorus Atoms
In 2013, a team of Australian engineers led by the University of New South Wales (UNSW) developed the first active figure based on the rotation of the nucleus of a single phosphorus atom inside a protective bed of non-magnetic silicon atoms . In a paper that violates the journal Nature, they report the highest accuracy in writing and reading quantum data using nuclear spin. 2
Since the nucleus of the phosphorus atom has a very weak magnetic field and has a very low spin rate (which means it is less sensitive to electrical and magnetic fields), it is almost immune to magnetic noise or electrical interference from nature. It is also “protected” from noise by the surrounding bed of zero-spin silicon atoms. As a result, the nuclear spin has a long cohesiveness that allows data to be stored for a long time, resulting in a much higher level of accuracy.
"The atomic core of the phosphorus contains a nuclear spin, which can act as a qubit for storing excellent memory due to its very low sensitivity to noise present in the environment."
Andrew Zurak, reports on the work of the UNSW Group, 3
In 2014, another group (in this case a Dutch-US partnership) used the nuclear atoms of phosphorus atoms in a quantum computer to achieve a maximum accuracy of 99.99% and a combined time of 35 seconds. 4.5
Quantum computers in our head?
So, what does all of this have to do with our brains? There are many examples in quantum biology where quantum analysis is suspected; for example, there is evidence that birds use quantum processes in their retina to navigate the world and that photosynthesis is progressing well in achieving consistent long-term measurements. It has also been observed that a person's sense of smell and certain aspects of a person's vision may require quantum processing. It is not surprising, therefore, that we should look at quantum conduction in the human brain.
One of the first popular examples was suggested by Roger Penrose, a prominent scientist, and Stuart Hammeroff, an anesthesiologist. They think that quantum processing is possible in microtubules of neurons.6 However, most scientists were skeptical as the brain was considered a warm, wet, and noisy place where quantum mixing, which often occurs in areas too far away from cold temperatures, was difficult to achieve. No Penrose and Hammeroff have given a satisfactory answer to the criticism of their view. However, there have been recent developments to increase meeting times and research teams around the world are rushing to increase meeting times at room temperature with some success.7,8 Therefore, the judge is still out of Penrose-Hammeroff's idea.
Fisher's Ground-Break Ideas
As recently as 2015, Matthew Fisher, a physicist at the University of California, developed a model in which nuclear spins on phosphorus atoms could act as qubits. This model is very similar to what was discussed in the previous section in that it was developed in the workplace; the exception is that in this case it is applied to the human brain, where phosphorus is abundant.9
"Is it possible that we ourselves could be quantum computers, rather than just intelligent robots that design and build quantum computers?"
Matthew Fisher, aged 10
Fisher convincingly argued that the spins of the phosphorus atomic nuclei could be adequately separated (by a protective electron cloud around the shield shield of zero spin atoms) and could also be "disturbed" by quantum noise due to its weak magnetic field. (due to the low spin number), thus not allowing it to maintain the quantum interaction. (The laboratory studies discussed in the preceding paragraph and the results of experiments have confirmed and confirmed this fact.) Thus, in a brain-like environment where electrical fields are full, phosphorus atomic nuclei can be isolated from one another.
The process begins in the cell with a chemical compound called pyrophosphate. It is made up of two phosphates that are fused together - each containing a phosphorus atom surrounded by a large number of oxygen atoms with zero spin (similar to the laboratory study mentioned above, where the phosphorus atom was embedded within -a silicon atom with zero spin). The interaction between phosphates compounds causes them to be trapped. One of the preparations that led to zero spin, or a "singlet" state of high grip. The enzymes then break down trapped phosphates into two free-form phosphate birds, which continue to be trapped during departure. These synthetic phosphates then combine separately with calcium ions and oxygen atoms to form molecules in Posner, as shown below.
These clusters provide additional “protection” for both those trapped in external disturbances so that they can maintain contact for very long distances in the brain. When Fisher estimated the time of the molecule's interaction, it came out as amazing as 105 seconds - all day long
Although Fisher does not appear to explain in detail what happened next - which is important if we want to get the full picture - this author will try to do just that. Many of the trace elements of the phosphorus atoms (within Posner molecules) will be scattered over a wide area of the brain. They will be in a high position, existing as waves, some time before the fall. When a fall occurs, atomic electrons respond. Electrons determine the chemical properties of atoms. The fallout, therefore, causes the chemical properties of the phosphorus atoms to change, leading to the development of chemical reactions that send out explosions of neurotransmitters to synapses of neurons. The train of electrical signals and then assembles to form a vision, which is interpreted based on the life experience of that person.
This solves the long-standing question in neuroscience odide scientists: How is the brain able to combine information from different parts of the brain to create a coherent vision? Perhaps with the "Fisher's mechanism" (coined by the author's name), a simultaneous collapse of the nuclear atoms embedded in phosphorus in various parts and parts of the brain would be the answer.
Limitations
The most obvious limitation is that at present Fisher's ideas have not been fully tested, although certain factors (for example, long-term bonding of phosphorus atoms) have been tested in the laboratory. However, there are plans to do just that. The first test will be whether Posner molecules are present in the fluid outside the cells and whether they can be trapped. Fisher recommends testing this in the laboratory by solving a chemical reaction to capture nuclear phosphorus spins, and then pouring the solution into two test tubes and checking the quantum interaction in the emitted light.12
Roger Penrose believes that Fisher's method may help explain long-term memory but may not be enough to explain cognition.12 He believes that the microbubules of Penrose-Hammeroff, which he says are much larger than nuclei, are a powerful explanation to date, though many scientists are skeptical. It would be interesting if Posner molecules (with trapped particles) are found in these microtubules - so both Fisher and Penrose-Hammeroff's ideas may be at least correct. (Everyone loves a good ending)
In short
1. It has been shown in the laboratory that quantum computing with isolated and protected phosphorus atoms has the most accurate results and longer coagulation times.
2. Phosphorus is abundant in the brain.
3. The human brain (and perhaps the brains of other animals) may be using nuclear phosphorus atoms such as qubits to perform quantum computing.
Index
1. Photo: Zhang, J. (2019, Sep 28). What makes Quantum Computing special? Medium.com.
2. Pla, J., Tan, K., Dehollain, J., Lim, W., Morton, J., Zwanenburg, F., Jamieson, D., Dzurak, A., & Morello, A. (2013) . . Higher reliability study and control of nuclear spin qubit in silicon. Nature, 496 (7445), 334-338.
3. Dzurak, A. (2014, October 15). Silicon Qubits Can Be The Key To Quantum Transformation, SciTech Daily.
4. Muhonen, J., Dehollain, J., Laucht, A., Hudson, F., Kalra, R., Sekiguchi, T., Itoh, K., Jamieson, D., McCallum, J., Dzurak, A .., & Morello, A. (2014). Storing quantum information for 30 seconds on a nanoelectronic device. Environment Nanotechnology, 9 (12), 986-991.
5.Veldhorst, M., Hwang, J., Yang, C., Leenstra, A., de Ronde, B., Dehollain, J., Muhonen, J., Hudson, F., Itoh, K., Morello, A., & Dzurak, A. (2014). Quantum qubit capable of handling control-reliability error tolerance. Environment Nanotechnology, 9 (12), 981-985.
6. Hammeroff, S., and Penrose, R. (2014). Universal awareness. Health Review Physics, 11 (1), 39-78.
7. Herbschleb, E., Kato, H., Maruyama, Y., Danjo, T., Makino, T., Yamasaki, S., Ohki, I., Hayashi, K., Morishita, H., Fujiwara, M ., & Mizuochi, N. (2019). Ultra-long mixing times in the middle of a solid heat chamber. Environmental Communication, 10 (1), 3766.
Miao, K., Blanton, J., Anderson, C., Bourassa, A., Crook, A., Wolfowicz, G., Abe, H., Ohshima, T., & Awschalom, D. (2020). . Protection of natural contact in the solid surface of the qubit spin. Science, eabc5186.
9. Fisher, M. P. A. (2015). Quantum Comprehension: The opportunity to process with nuclear spins in the brain. Physical Annals, 362, 593-602.
10. Fernandes, S. (2018, Mar 27) Are We Quantum Computers? Current (Science + Technology).
11. Swift, M., Van de Walle, C., & Fisher, M. (2018). Posner molecules: from atomic formation to nuclear spins. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 20 (18), 12373-12380.
12. Brooks, M. (2015, Dec 15). Is quantum physics behind your brain's ability to think? New scientist.
